Flow vs Pressure

The distinction between Flow vs Pressure is important, especially when selecting from the different technologies available for Cardiac Output monitoring. The two most utilized acquire flow data through either direct or indirect means:

Direct measurement uses Doppler ultrasound

Indirect methods derive flow data from mathematical algorithms using arterial blood pressure (ABP)

Direct flow measurement, by way of Doppler Ultrasound, has the precision and responsiveness to guide hemodynamic management using the clinically proven >10% change Stroke Volume Optimization (SVO) algorithm. Direct flow requires no calibration, only initial focusing followed by occasional signal optimization. In some scenarios the signal is not always continuously available, making the technology less ideal for long term continuous monitoring.  However, the EDM+, which utilizes both flow and pressure measurements, ensures continuous access to calibrated waveforms.

Advantages of Flow vs Pressure monitoring

Systems that use pressure as a surrogate for flow have their limitations, particularly in periods of hemodynamic instability. Methods using ABP lines have been shown to be prone to drift due to changes in vascular tone, arterial compliance and the consequent arterial blood pressure variation. These changes have been reported to be clinically significant and prevent such devices from successful use of the >10% SVO algorithm. As a result, such devices offer Pulse Pressure Variation and/or Stroke Volume Variation as their modality for guiding intervention.

These parameters have significant limitations in use as they require the patient to be:

  • in sinus rhythm;
  • fully mechanically ventilated;
  • tidal volume ≥7-8 mL/kg – higher tidal volumes elicit higher variations;
  • heart rate:respiratory rate ratio ≥4;
  • increasing PEEP results in higher variations;
  • changes in lung or chest compliance, or patient position and right ventricular dysfunction or abdominal insufflation may affect readings.

In periods where the patient has stable hemodynamics, pressure-based technologies can be used to make a continuous record of cardiac output.

Best of both worlds

Direct flow Doppler EDM is preferred for guidance of intervention with fluid and drugs. Importantly EDM can do this effectively in the hemodynamically challenging environment of the Operating Room, where anesthesia and surgery result in rapid and frequent changes in compliance. While pressure-based technologies are useful in stable postoperative patients, they are limited in their ability to guide interventional treatment. A combination of both technologies, as featured on Deltex Medical’s TrueVue System can truly be said to deliver the best of both worlds.

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